DARI AKTOR KE EKOSISTEM: PENGEMBANGAN MODEL TEORETIS TENTANG MEKANISME PEMBENTUKAN DAN EVOLUSI EKOSISTEM KEWIRAUSAHAAN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61722/jiem.v4i10.13140Keywords:
Ekosistem Kewirausahaan, Pembentukan Ekosistem, Evolusi Ekosistem, Agensi Kewirausahaan, Perguruan Tinggi, Administrasi Pendidikan.Abstract
Kajian ekosistem kewirausahaan berkembang pesat dalam lima tahun terakhir, tetapi penjelasan tentang bagaimana ekosistem terbentuk dan berevolusi masih tersebar di berbagai konteks dan belum terhubung dengan tindakan aktor di dalamnya. Artikel ini bertujuan mengembangkan model teoretis tentang mekanisme pembentukan dan evolusi ekosistem kewirausahaan yang bergerak dari tingkat aktor menuju tingkat ekosistem. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif konseptual dengan desain tinjauan pustaka naratif untuk pembangunan teori terhadap 32 artikel jurnal bereputasi (Scopus) dan jurnal nasional (Sinta) yang terbit pada 2021–2026. Analisis dilakukan melalui pengodean tematik bertahap untuk mengidentifikasi konstruk, mekanisme, dan hubungan antarkonstruk. Hasilnya adalah model Aktor–Relasi–Institusi–Evolusi (ARIE) dengan empat mekanisme inti: (1) aktivasi agensi kewirausahaan, (2) pembentukan relasi dan sirkulasi sumber daya, (3) institusionalisasi norma dan tata kelola, serta (4) adaptasi dan pembaruan ekosistem. Model dirumuskan dalam enam proposisi yang dapat diuji. Artikel ini juga menempatkan lembaga pendidikan, khususnya perguruan tinggi, sebagai aktor jangkar (anchor actor) dan penghubung, sehingga relevan bagi administrasi pendidikan. Keterbatasan, implikasi kebijakan, dan agenda penelitian dibahas pada bagian akhir.
References
Almeida, J., & Daniel, A. (2023). Local governance of evolutionary entrepreneurial ecosystems: A case study in a low-density territory. Local Economy, 38(8), 735–754. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383526960_Local_governance_of_evolutionary_entrepreneurial_ecosystems_A_case_study_in_a_low-density_territory
Asmit, B., Simatupang, T. M., Rudito, B., & Novani, S. (2024a). Uncovering the building blocks of rural entrepreneurship: A comprehensive framework for mapping the components of rural entrepreneurial ecosystems. Heliyon, 10(1), e24139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24139
Asmit, B., Simatupang, T. M., Rudito, B., & Novani, S. (2024b). Co-creation of collective values: Nurturing thriving rural entrepreneurship. Indonesian Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, 10(3), 652–664. https://doi.org/10.17358/ijbe.10.3.652
Audretsch, D. B., Fiedler, A., Fath, B., & Verreynne, M.-L. (2024). The dawn of geographically unbounded entrepreneurial ecosystems. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 22. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352673424000398
Audretsch, D. B., Lehmann, E. E., & Seitz, N. (2021). Amenities, subcultures, and entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 56(2), 571–591. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333609357_Amenities_subcultures_and_entrepreneurship
Bejjani, M., Göcke, L., & Menter, M. (2023). Digital entrepreneurial ecosystems: A systematic literature review. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 189. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369697092_Digital_entrepreneurial_ecosystems_A_systematic_literature_review
Cantner, U., Cunningham, J. A., Lehmann, E. E., & Menter, M. (2021). Entrepreneurial ecosystems: A dynamic lifecycle model. Small Business Economics, 57(1), 407–423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-020-00316-0
Clayton, P., Feldman, M., & Montmartin, B. (2024). Entrepreneurial finance and regional ecosystem emergence. Small Business Economics, 62(4), 1493–1521.
Daymond, J., Knight, E., Rumyantseva, M., & Maguire, S. (2023). Managing ecosystem emergence and evolution: Strategies for ecosystem architects. Strategic Management Journal, 44(4).
Dharmastuti, C. F., Lembana, D. A. A., & Sustaningrum, R. (2024). Membina wirausahawan masa depan: Peran inkubator bisnis dalam membentuk niat berwirausaha di perguruan tinggi. Jurnal Manajemen Maranatha, 24(1), 31–44.
Fischer, B., Guerrero, M., Mayer, H., Meissner, D., Schäfer, S., & Theodoraki, C. (2025). Entrepreneurial ecosystem as a spatially fluid concept: New territorial perspectives on entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 65(3), 1283–1300.
Fischer, B. B., Alves, A. C., Vonortas, N. S., & Brown, R. (2026). Foundations of entrepreneurial ecosystems configurations. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 51(1), 199–225.
Hähnlein, J., Baum, M., & Durst, C. (2026). Giving something back: How reciprocal motivation drives entrepreneurs to contribute to their entrepreneurial ecosystem. Small Business Economics, 66(1), 451–484.
Haqii, A. B., & Fatimah, N. (2026). Pola jaringan kerjasama lembaga kewirausahaan mahasiswa di Universitas Negeri Semarang dalam membangun ekosistem wirausaha berkelanjutan. EKLEKTIK: Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi dan Kewirausahaan, 9(1), 1–17.
Ibadurrahman, & Wahira. (2025). Pengembangan ekosistem kewirausahaan di perguruan tinggi melalui inkubasi bisnis mahasiswa. Jurnal Riset dan Pengabdian Interdisipliner, 2(4). https://doi.org/10.37905/jrpi.v2i4.35037
Isenberg, D. J. (2010). How to start an entrepreneurial revolution. Harvard Business Review, 88(6), 40–50.
Jurgelevičius, A., Butvilas, T., Kovaitė, K., & Šūmakaris, P. (2025). Developing an entrepreneurial ecosystem framework for student-led start-ups in higher education. Education Sciences, 15(7), 837. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15070837
Lindelöf, P., & Hellberg, R. (2023). Incubation: An evolutionary process. Technovation, 124.
Marquardt, L., & Harima, A. (2024). Digital boundary spanning in the evolution of entrepreneurial ecosystems: A dynamic capabilities perspective. Journal of Business Research, 182.
Molla, A., & Biru, A. (2023). The evolution of the Fintech entrepreneurial ecosystem in Africa: An exploratory study and model for future development. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 186(Part A).
Negri, G., Ciambotti, G., Theodoraki, C., & Littlewood, D. (2025). Stagnating or flourishing? How entrepreneurial support organizations navigate constraints in nascent ecosystems. Small Business Economics, 65(3), 1651–1679.
Nylund, P. A., Ferràs-Hernández, X., Pareras, L., & Brem, A. (2022). The emergence of entrepreneurial ecosystems based on enabling technologies: Evidence from synthetic biology. Journal of Business Research, 149, 728–735.
Oliver, P. G., Mora, L., & Zhang, J. (2025). Collaboration before competition: How smart city entrepreneurs co-create temporary ecosystems to build capacity for learning. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 214, 124046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2025.124046
Perugini, F. (2023). Space–time analysis of entrepreneurial ecosystems. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 48(1), 240–291.
Qin, S. (2026). Revitalising the periphery: How support organisations drive the inclusive evolution of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Journal of Business Venturing, 41(1).
Ramadina, S. F., & Syahza, A. (2026). Ekositem [sic] kewirausahaan kampus yang mendukung pengenalan peluang usaha. J-KIP (Jurnal Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan), 7(2), 813–820. https://doi.org/10.25157/j-kip.v7i2.22207
Scott, S., Chowdhury, F., Papanikolaou, E., & Omari, D. (2026). A microfoundational network theory of rural entrepreneurial ecosystems: Establishing the link between structure and behaviours. Small Business Economics, 67(1), 227–250.
Shenkoya, T., Hwang, K. Y., & Sung, E. H. (2023). Student startup: Understanding the role of the university in making startups profitable through university–industry collaboration. SAGE Open, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231198601
Shi, X., & Shi, Y. (2022). Unpacking the process of resource allocation within an entrepreneurial ecosystem. Research Policy, 51(9).
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339.
Spinazzola, M., Scuotto, V., Pironti, M., & Giudice, M. (2025). Connectedness of entrepreneurial ecosystems: Evidence from the mobility of knowledge-intensive entrepreneurs. Small Business Economics, 65(3), 1517–1534.
Stam, E. (2015). Entrepreneurial ecosystems and regional policy: A sympathetic critique. European Planning Studies, 23(9), 1759–1769.
Stam, E., & van de Ven, A. (2021). Entrepreneurial ecosystem elements. Small Business Economics, 56(2), 809–832.
Whetten, D. A. (1989). What constitutes a theoretical contribution? Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 490–495.
Wurth, B., Stam, E., & Spigel, B. (2022). Toward an entrepreneurial ecosystem research program. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 46(3), 729–778.
Zeng, Z., Tang, W., Luo, F., & Wu, L. (2025). Research directions of entrepreneurial ecosystem: Evidence-based insights from a systematic literature review. SAGE Open, 15(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251378543
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 JURNAL ILMIAH EKONOMI DAN MANAJEMEN
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
