FILSAFAT DARI ZAMAN KE ZAMAN: Transformasi Pemikiran Manusia Dari Filsafat Klasik Hingga Era Kontemporer

Abstract

The development of human thought from classical philosophy to the contemporary era reflects evolving understandings of human nature, truth, knowledge, and morality, shaped by social dynamics, scientific progress, and advances in digital technology and artificial intelligence (AI). This study aims to analyze the continuity and transformation of philosophical thought throughout history and examine its relevance in addressing contemporary challenges. The research employs a normative legal research method using conceptual and historical approaches, supported by a literature review. Research materials were collected through an examination of relevant books, scholarly articles, and academic literature, and were subsequently analyzed qualitatively to explore the development of philosophical ideas and their relationship to human life. The findings indicate that the transformation of philosophical thought has occurred through processes of criticism, reinterpretation, and the development of ideas in response to the contexts of different historical periods. Classical philosophy emphasized rationality, the pursuit of truth, and virtue ethics; medieval philosophy explored the relationship between reason and faith; modern philosophy prioritized reason, experience, freedom, and human autonomy; while contemporary philosophy expanded its scope to include language, existence, power, social structures, and technology. From the perspective of the philosophy of law, these developments provide a foundation for understanding justice, legal certainty, moral responsibility, and human dignity, particularly in addressing the challenges of digital ethics and the use of AI. This study concludes that philosophy remains relevant as a framework for critical reflection on civilizational and technological developments based on fundamental human values. Future research should further examine the application of philosophical thought in legal reform, AI regulation, human rights protection, and the development of technology ethics in Indonesia.